A Walk (or Cycle) to the Park Active Transit to Neighborhood Amenities, the CARDIA Study
Background
Building on known associations between active commuting and reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, this study examines active transit to neighborhood amenities and differences between walking and cycling for transportation.
Methods
Year-20 data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (3549 black and white adults aged 38–50 years in 2005–2006) were analyzed in 2008–2009. Sociodemographic correlates of transportation mode (car-only, walk-only, any cycling, other) to neighborhood amenities were examined in multivariable multinomial logistic models. Gender-stratified multivariable linear or multinomial regression models compared CVD risk factors across transit modes.
Results
Active transit was most common to parks and public transit stops; walking was more common than cycling. Among those who used each amenity, active transit (walk-only and any cycling versus car-only transit) was more common in men and those with no live-in partner and less than full-time employment (significant ORs [95% CI] ranging from 1.56 [1.08, 2.27] to 4.54 [1.70, 12.14]), and less common in those with children. Active transit to any neighborhood amenity was associated with more favorable BMI, waist circumference, and fitness (largest coefficient [95% CI] −1.68 [−2.81, −0.55] for BMI, −3.41 [−5.71, −1.11] for waist circumference [cm], and 36.65 [17.99, 55.31] for treadmill test duration [seconds]). Only cycling was associated with lower lifetime CVD risk classification.
Conclusions
Active transit to neighborhood amenities was related to sociodemographics and CVD risk factors. Variation in health-related benefits by active transit mode, if validated in prospective studies, may have implications for transportation planning and research.
aDepartment of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
bEpidemiology and Prevention Section, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
cDivision of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
dDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
eDepartment of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Penny Gordon-Larsen, PhD, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, University Square, 123 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill NC 27516-3997
ABSTRACT