Job Strain and Psychologic Distress: Influence on Sickness Absence Among Finnish Employees
Background
Work stress is a recognized risk factor for mental health disorders, but it is not known whether work stress is associated with the morbidity among individuals with psychologic distress. Another shortcoming in earlier research is related to common method bias—the use of individual perceptions of both work stress and psychologic distress. This prospective study was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), which identified psychologic distress as a predictor of sickness absence and the effect of work-unit measures of job strain on sickness absence among cases.
Methods
Survey data were collected on work stress, indicated by high job strain, for a cohort of public sector employees (6663 women, 1323 men), aged 18 to 62 at baseline in 2000–2002, identified as GHQ-12 cases. Coworker assessments of job strain were used to control for bias due to response style. A 2-year follow-up included recorded long-term (>7 days) medically certified sickness absence. Adjustments were made for age, socioeconomic position, baseline chronic physical disease, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption.
Results
Cases with psychologic distress had 1.3 to 1.4 times higher incidence of long-term sickness absence than noncases. Among cases, high job strain predicted sickness absence (hazard ratio 1.17 in women, 1.41 in men). The significant effect of job strain on sickness absence was found among workers in high socioeconomic positions (hazard ratio 1.54 for women, 1.58 for men) but not among employees in low socioeconomic positions (hazard ratio 1.06 for women, 1.31 for men).
Conclusions
Psychologic distress has an independent effect on medically certified sickness absence. The identification of employees with high job strain and the improvement of their working conditions should be considered as an important target in the prevention of adverse consequences of psychologic distress.
aFinnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu, Helsinki, Finland
bNational Research and Development Centre for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
cInternational Centre for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Marianna Virtanen, PhD, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
ABSTRACT